10种杀菌剂对中华蜜蜂的急性毒性测定及风险评估

明确80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂、50%啶酰菌胺水分散型粒剂、50%腐霉利可湿性粉剂、50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂、100 g/L氰霜唑悬浮剂、20%叶枯唑可湿性粉剂、2%春雷毒素水剂、12.50%腈菌唑乳油、25%丙环唑乳油和15%咪鲜胺微乳剂等10种杀菌剂对中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana工蜂的急性毒性,并评价其对中华蜜蜂工蜂的风险性。在室内采用摄入法和点滴法测定10种杀菌剂对中华蜜蜂工蜂的急性经口和接触毒性。结果表明代森锰锌,啶酰菌胺,腐霉利等7种杀菌剂对中华蜜蜂的急性毒性均为低毒;腈菌唑和丙环唑对中华蜜蜂的急性经口毒性和急性接触毒性均为中毒,咪鲜胺对中华蜜蜂的急性经口毒性为高毒,急性接触毒性为中毒;这3种杀菌剂且均属于中等风险性。建议禁止咪鲜胺在蜜源作物开花授粉期施用,慎重选择中等毒性杀菌剂腈菌唑和丙环唑,尽量选择对蜜蜂低毒的杀菌剂,以保护中华蜜蜂的安全。     

常用杀虫剂噻虫嗪及其4种混配制剂对中华蜜蜂的生存风险分析

噻虫嗪及其混配制剂是防治刺吸式口器害虫的常用药剂,但对中华蜜蜂的生存风险尚未明确。在实验室条件下通过模拟中华蜜蜂授粉期间农药暴露的3种方式(蜂体接触、取食接触、植株接触),评估了噻虫嗪及其4种混配制剂,在田间最高推荐剂量下对中华蜜蜂采集蜂的毒性。结果表明,无论哪种暴露方式,噻虫嗪及其混配制剂均显著影响中华蜜蜂采集蜂的生存,且噻虫嗪混配制剂毒性高于单剂。在直接喷洒蜂体处理中,25%噻虫嗪·异丙威可湿性粉剂表现出最高毒性,其致死中时间(LT_(50)值)为1.23 h;在摄入和接触植株残留处理中,40%氯虫·噻虫嗪水分散粒剂和25%噻虫嗪·异丙威可湿性粉剂均表现出最高毒性,LT_(50)值分别为2.09、6.75 h和2.15、6.77 h。在3种暴露方式下,25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂的LT_(50)值分别为6.50、17.24和8.90 h,明显低于对照。因此建议蜜蜂授粉期间禁止施用噻虫嗪及其混配制剂,为更好地推进蜜蜂授粉与绿色防控技术的研究与示范提供安全保障。     

Effects of adamantane alterations on soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition potency,physical properties and metabolic stability

Adamantyl groups are widely used in medicinal chemistry. However, metabolism limits their usage. Herein, we report the first systematic study of adamantyl ureas and diureas bearing substituents in bridgehead positions of adamantane and/or spacers between urea groups and adamantane group, and tested their effects on soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor potency and metabolic stability. Interestingly, the effect on activity against human and murine sEH varied in opposite ways with each new methyl group introduced into the molecule. Compounds with three methyl substituents in adamantane were very poor inhibitors of murine sEH while still very potent against human sEH. In addition, diureas with terminal groups bigger than sEH catalytic tunnel diameter were still good inhibitors suggesting that the active site of sEH opens to capture the substrate or inhibitor molecule. The introduction of one methyl group leads to 4-fold increase in potency without noticeable loss of metabolic stability compared to the unsubstituted adamantane. However, introduction of two or three methyl groups leads to 8-fold and 98-fold decrease in stability in human liver microsomes for the corresponding compounds.     

氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死剂量对蜂巢小甲虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

氯虫苯甲酰胺是我国蜂农防治蜂巢小甲虫Aethina tumida的主要杀虫剂。本研究旨在探讨氯虫苯甲酰胺对蜂巢小甲虫生长发育和繁殖的亚致死效应，为氯虫苯甲酰胺的合理使用提供一定的理论依据。本文采用饲料混毒法测定了氯虫苯甲酰胺对蜂巢小甲虫的毒力以及亚致死剂量LC10和LC25对蜂巢小甲虫生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明，氯虫苯甲酰胺对蜂巢小甲虫3龄初幼虫的LC50、LC25、LC10分别为5.193 μg/g、1.678 μg/g和2.865 μg/g。以氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死剂量处理蜂巢小甲虫3龄初幼虫后，幼虫发育历期、雌预蛹期+蛹期、雄预蛹+蛹期均显著延长，且分别延长了3.38%和4.50%、10.51%和21.92%、5.26%和12.20%。LC10和LC25处理组幼虫的存活率均降低，尤其LC25处理组与对照组存在显著差异。LC10和LC25处理组漫游期幼虫重、初羽化雌虫重和初羽化雄虫重相比于对照均显著降低，且分别减轻了15.45%、21.54%、17.26%和13.47%、16.47%、16.46%。LC10和LC25处理组的产卵前期分别为7.96 d和7.47 d，比对照组显著缩短12.36 d和12.85 d；60 d内单雌产卵总量与对照组间无显著性差异，但在产卵期5~7 d时，LC25处理组的单雌产卵量显著增加。LC10和LC25处理组蜂巢小甲虫种群趋势指数低于对照组，但其种群趋势指数均远大于1，表明蜂巢小甲虫种群仍呈增长趋势，因此应加强蜂巢小甲虫的防控以及对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性监测。     

Differential sensitivity of honey bees and bumble bees to a dietary insecticide (imidacloprid)

Currently, there is concern about declining bee populations and the sustainability of pollination services. One potential threat to bees is the unintended impact of systemic insecticides, which are ingested by bees in the nectar and pollen from flowers of treated crops. To establish whether imidacloprid, a systemic neonicotinoid and insect neurotoxin, harms individual bees when ingested at environmentally realistic levels, we exposed adult worker bumble bees, Bombus terrestris L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), and honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), to dietary imidacloprid in feeder syrup at dosages between 0.08 and 125 μg l^?1. Honey bees showed no response to dietary imidacloprid on any variable that we measured (feeding, locomotion and longevity). In contrast, bumble bees progressively developed over time a dose-dependent reduction in feeding rate with declines of 10–30% in the environmentally relevant range of up to 10 μg l^?1, but neither their locomotory activity nor longevity varied with diet. To explain their differential sensitivity, we speculate that honey bees are better pre-adapted than bumble bees to feed on nectars containing synthetic alkaloids, such as imidacloprid, by virtue of their ancestral adaptation to tropical nectars in which natural alkaloids are prevalent. We emphasise that our study does not suggest that honey bee colonies are invulnerable to dietary imidacloprid under field conditions, but our findings do raise new concern about the impact of agricultural neonicotinoids on wild bumble bee populations.     

Bioinsecticidal activity of conidia and dry mycelium preparations of two isolates of Beauveria bassiana against the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis

Two isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Bb₁ and Bb₅ strains) were grown in solid-state and submerged cultures (SSC and SbC, respectively) in order to obtain conidia and dry mycelium preparations. The samples obtained at laboratory scale were tested as alternatives for their further use as mycoinsecticides to control the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis. The spore yields obtained in SSC indicated that the Bb₅ strain was able to produce around three times more conidia per gram of initial dry matter (3.7×10¹⁰) than the Bb₁ strain (1.3×10¹⁰) in a solid medium composed of wheat bran and bran husk. Under this culture conditions, the former showed not only satisfactory spore yields, but also a higher bioinsecticidal activity than the latter. Laboratory bioassays carried out with conidia of both strains against D. saccharalis larvae indicated that the Bb₅ strain promotes an insect mortality of 82.5% whereas only 21.3% was observed with the Bb₁ strain preparations. Concerning the samples obtained in SbC, in which a culture medium based on glucose and yeast extract was employed, it is interesting to point out that although both strains showed similar behaviors with yields of approximately 1.50×10¹⁰ conidia per gram of dry mycelium, both preparations failed in their bioinsecticidal activities. Despite satisfactory yields, bioinsecticidal activity of the Bb₁ and Bb₅ strains dropped drastically showing a larvae mortality below 2%.